- Professor of European History, University of Pisa (from 1990 to 2000)
- Resident Professor of History, The Bologna Center (from 1979 to 1990)
- Professor of Modern History, University of Reading (from 1976 to 1979)
- Quondam Fellow, All Souls College (from 1968)
- Research Fellow, All Souls College (from 1967 to 1968)
- Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford (from 1968 to 1975)
- Prize Fellow, All Souls College (from 1960 to 1967)
- Undergraduate, Magdalen College, Oxford (from 1956 to 1959)
- Associate, Center for European Studies, Harvard University (1987)
- Member of Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (from 1985 to 1986)
- Academic Director of Research Institute, Bologna Center (from 1980 to 1985)
- Acting Director, European program, SAIS–Washington (Spring 1983)
- Problems in modern European History and Historiography
