- Professor of European History, University of Pisa (from 1990 to 2000)
- Resident Professor of History, The Bologna Center (from 1979 to 1990)
- Professor of Modern History, University of Reading (from 1976 to 1979)
- Quondam Fellow, All Souls College (from 1968)
- Research Fellow, All Souls College (from 1967 to 1968)
- Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford (from 1968 to 1975)
- Prize Fellow, All Souls College (from 1960 to 1967)
- Undergraduate, Magdalen College, Oxford (from 1956 to 1959)
- Associate, Center for European Studies, Harvard University (1987)
- Member of Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (from 1985 to 1986)
- Academic Director of Research Institute, Bologna Center (from 1980 to 1985)
- Acting Director, European program, SAIS–Washington (Spring 1983)
- Problems in modern European History and Historiography
- Founding Director, Poverty Research Unit, University of Sussex (from 1994 to 1997)
- Quondam Fellow, All Souls College (from 1984 to 2023)
- Two-Year Fellow, All Souls College (from 1982 to 1984)
- Fellow, Institute of Development Studies and Professorial Fellow, University of Sussex (from 1970 to 1994)
- Prize Fellow, All Souls College (from 1961 to 1968)
- Undergraduate, Balliol College, Oxford (from 1957 to 1960)
- Economics, especially in agricultural research
- Land reform
- Poverty and inequality
- Nutrition
- Economic demography in developing countries, including Bangladesh, Botswana, India, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka and South Africa
- Emeritus Fellow, All Souls College (from 1998 to 2014)
- Senior Research Fellow (and Fellow Librarian 1982-98), All Souls College (from 1967 to 1998)
- Junior Research Fellow, All Souls College (from 1960 to 1967)
- Prize Fellow, All Souls College (from 1953 to 1960)
- The Chapel, All Souls College, Saturday 11 October 2014, 2:30pm
- Emeritus Fellow, All Souls College (from 1988 to 2019)
- Senior Research Fellow, All Souls College (from 1972 to 1988)
- Junior Research Fellow, All Souls College (from 1965 to 1972)
- Principal, Hertford College, Oxford (from 2005 to 2011)
- Quondam Fellow, All Souls College (from 2005)
- Lecturer in Historical Demography and Fellow, All Souls College (from 1991 to 2005)
- Lecturer in Biological Anthropology, University College London (from 1980 to 1990)
- Oil Demand Analyst, Shell UK Ltd (from 1979 to 1980)
- Postgraduate, Churchill College, Cambridge (from 1975 to 1979)
- Undergraduate, Hertford College, Oxford (from 1972 to 1975)
- The Field and the Forge: Population, Production, and Power in the pre-Industrial West (New York: OUP, 2003)
- Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Historical Demography of London, 1670–1830 (New York: CUP, 1993)
- Chairman, Animals in Science Committee (from 2011)
- Member of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population
- Honorary Fellow, All Souls College (from 2004 to 2009)
- Senior Research Fellow, All Souls College (from 1970 to 1995)
- Assistant in Philosophy (1950-9), then Professor and Chairman, Section of History of Philosophy, Warsaw University (from 1950 to 1968)
- Assistant in Phlosophy, Łodz University (from 1949 to 1950)
- Undergraduate and Postgraduate, Łodz University (from 1945 to 1950)
- All Souls College Chapel, Saturday 28 November 2009, 2:00pm
- Quondam Fellow, All Souls College (from 1994)
- Senior Research Fellow, All Souls College (from 1981 to 1994)
- Quondam Fellow, All Souls College (from 1981)
- Fifty-Pound Fellow, All Souls College (from 1980 to 1981)
- Prize Fellow, All Souls College (from 1972 to 1979)
- Undergraduate, Balliol College, Oxford (from 1967 to 1971)
- Classical reception, especially in the nineteenth century
- Latin poetry
- Roman cultural history
- Classical Literature (London: Penguin, 2015 / New York: Basic Books, 2016)
- God, Space and City in the Roman Imagination (Oxford: OUP, 2013)
- A Fine Brush on Ivory: an appreciation of Jane Austen (Oxford: OUP, 2004)
- Westminster Abbey (Profile Books Ltd, 2004)
- Virgil’s Experience: Nature and History; Times, Names and Places (Oxford: OUP, 1998)
- (ed.) The Legacy of Rome: A New Appraisal (Oxford: OUP, 1992)
- Classical Epic: Homer and Virgil (Bristol Classical Press [now Bloomsbury], 1992)
- Dignity and Decadence: Victorian Art and the Classical Inheritance (Harper Collins, 1991)
- Three Classical Poets: Sappho, Catullus and Juvenal (Duckworth, 1982)
- Leverhulme Major Research Fellowship 2007-10.
- Political, local and parliamentary, career, including MP for Wantage (1983–2005); Office of Public Service and Science (1992–3); Department of Employment (1990–2); Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, DES (1987–90); Special Adviser to Governor of Rhodesia (1979–80); Chef de Cabinet, President of EEC Economic and Social Committeee (1976–8); Member, Cabinet of Sir Christopher Soames, EEC Commission (1974–6); Political advisor to Secretary of State for Employment (1973–4) and Councillor, Oxford County Council (1969–71) (from 1969 to 2005)
- Quondam Fellow, All Souls College (from 1986)
- Fifty-Pound Fellow, All Souls College (from 1979 to 1986)
- Prize Fellow, All Souls College (from 1968 to 1975)
- Undergraduate, St Edmund Hall, Oxford (from 1965 to 1968)
- Political Ideas in Western Europe Today (1984)
- From Boom to Bust?: British farming and CAP reform (Conservative Political Centre, 1983)
- Tradition and Reality: Conservative Philosophy and European Integration (European Democratic Group, Conservative Central Office, 1982)
- Reforming the European Budget (Conservative Political Centre, 1981)
- The European Parliament: Penguin Guide to Direct Elections (Penguin, 1979)
- The Powers of the European Parliament (The Conservative Group for Europe, 1977)
- South Asian Crisis: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (Praeger, 1972, 1975)
- Member, Advisory Committee on Works of Art, House of Commons
- Treasurer, Conservative Mainstream Parliamentary Group
- Co-Chairman, CAABU (2001–)
- Member, UK Delegation, Council of Europe and WEU (2000–1)
- Member, Select Committee on Science and Technology (1999–2001)
- Trustee, Hattori Foundation, Hattori Trust Co. Ltd.
- International Affairs (Chatham House) (1979–80)
- Editor, The Round Table, Commonwealth Journal of International Relations (1970–4)
- Honorary Fellow, All Souls College (from 2014 to 2019)
- Honorary Fellow, Oriel College (from 1990 to 2019)
- Robert A. Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History, Yale University (from 1989 to 1993)
- Quondam Fellow, All Souls College (from 1980 to 2014)
- Regius Professor of Modern History and Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford (from 1980 to 1989)
- Chichele Professor of History of War (from 1977) and Fellow, All Souls College (from 1968 to 1980)
- Assistant Lecturer in History (1947), Lecturer (1950–3), Lecturer then Reader in War Studies (1953–63) and finally Professor of War Studies, King’s College London (from 1947 to 1963)
- Undergraduate, Christ Church, Oxford (from 1943 to 1946)
- History of war and international relations, primarily in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
- Fellow of King's College London (FKC), President and co-Founder, International Institute for Strategic Studies
- Vice-President, Council on Christian Approaches to Defence and Disarmament
- President, Army Records Society Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- NATO Atlantic Award (1989).
- Chesney Memorial Gold Medal, RUSI (1973).
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