Speaker: Professor Dominic Goodall

Location: Old Library, All Souls College

Location: Old Library

The fifth, and final, lecture brings together the conclusions reached in the previous lectures of the series. It draws a big-picture interpretation of political development in the three selected regions based on common features observed across the three case studies, casting light on shared structural factors that underpinned socio-political transformations in Greece, Anatolia, and the Levant during the Iron Age. Detected common features span from the social profiles of the new political actors to the fluidity of socio-political hierarchies, and include the criteria of political legitimacy as well as the modes of institutionalization of political leadership. Immune to teleological implications, these common features are intended as analytical tools for a cross-cultural investigation of processes of socio-political development and their human protagonists.

Location: Old Library

The fourth lecture focuses on the role of individual leaders as vectors of socio-political development in the early Greek world. The social profile of Iron Age leaders is rooted in that of Late Bronze Age independent agents, some of whom held the same title of qa-si-re-u ≈ basileus as the Homeric and Hesiodic leaders. Despite occasionally serving the interests of the Mycenaean palaces, these figures engaged in military and economic activities independently of them and were thus able to overcome their collapse. Claims to leadership rested on military prowess as well as the capability of establishing overseas networks and of controlling the circulation of metals and trade. Political power was wielded informally, and social cohesion rested on the leaders’ ability to meet the community’s expectations of justice and well-being. The basileis of early Greece were among the main protagonists of the creation of new institutions, a process that had different outcomes, ranging from monarchy (in Cyprus), to diarchy (in Sparta), to systems of power sharing.

Location: Wharton Room

The third lecture examines socio-political transformations in Iron Age Anatolia. It takes the case of Gurgum (modern-day Kahramanmaraş), exceptionally documented by a series of local inscriptions, as a representative microcosm for a broader analysis. The inscriptional evidence left by local political leaders illuminates not only the peculiar path to rulership walked by Gurgum’s ruling dynasty, but, most importantly, the changing and manifold nature of political leadership in Iron Age Anatolia as a whole. Key aspects include the rise of marginal figures to positions of power; the importance of genealogy as a means to legitimize status; the appropriation of martial ideology by new leaders of non-royal pedigree; and the diffusion of a rhetoric of justice among both rulers and subjects as a new standard of social recognition and political legitimation.

Location: Old Library

The second lecture analyzes Iron Age socio-political transformations in the Levant, with a special focus on early Israel. The social profile of the protagonists of political action is that of charismatic warlords, individuals able to recruit large groups of armed followers and to build networks of alliances with leaders of local communities, often in the form of patronage relations. This social type was already known during the Late Bronze Age, when it identified individuals who operated at the margins of the palatial systems. In the Canaanite highlands, rulership rested on unstable foundations until, by the mid-9th century, the Omrid family managed to establish a royal seat in Samaria. Stories which found their way into the Hebrew Bible provide the discursive foundations for the ethno-political identity of the newly consolidated kingdom of Israel and offer insights into contrasting views on the nature of political leadership that were current at the time.

Location: Old Library

The first lecture provides the historical and scholarly background for the entire lecture series. It first outlines the main characteristics of Late Bronze Age socio-political infrastructures, describing their collapse after the crisis of 1200 BC, and identifying general patterns in the reorganization of societies across Greece, Anatolia, and the Levant during the Iron Age. It then revises the models currently adopted to study and classify Iron Age Eastern Mediterranean political systems and asks whether they provide valid heuristic tools for an overarching interpretation of shared structural dynamics in socio-political development. The lecture concludes that the investigation should focus on the protagonists of political action and on the strategies they adopted in practice to foster social cohesion in their communities. It finally introduces the case studies that will constitute the core of the lecture series.

Poetry readings from Theodor Meron, in conversation with Professor Catriona Seth. Signed copies of his book, Poems on Being, on Love, and on Grief, will be available to purchase.

Location: All Souls College, Wharton Room

Link to register: Theodor Meron Poetry Reading

Authors: Dr Rebecca Buxton, University of Bristol, and Dr Samuel Ritholtz, University of Oxford

Location: The Old Library, All Souls College

Followed by a reception with discounted books for purchase

Part of the Refugee Studies Centre Public Seminar Series convened by Dr Catherine Briddick and Dr Uttara Shahani